Assembly/AU/11 (XIII) Annex II Page 9   Convention against Torture 1984, while more than half of the Member States of the AU are states parties to this,36 and are therefore obliged to establish universal jurisdiction over the crime of torture as defined in the Convention, most have not enacted legislation to incorporate into national law the Convention’s definition of torture or to vest their courts with universal jurisdiction over the offence.37 Burundi38 and the Democratic Republic of the Congo39 nonetheless provide for the exercise of universal jurisdiction over torture by reference to general provisions relating to the commission of crimes abroad for which their respective national laws impose a penalty of more than two months’ imprisonment. Cameroon has specifically added torture to the list of ‘international’ offences in respect of which universal jurisdiction exists.40 17. In at least three AU Member States, namely the Democratic Republic of the Congo,41 Niger42 and South Africa,43 such immunities as may otherwise serve to bar the prosecution of foreign state officials have been abrogated in respect of charges of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. In addition, in accordance with article 12 of the Protocol for the Prevention and the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity and All Forms of Discrimination44 to the Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region,45 the provisions of the chapter on genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity apply irrespective of the official status of the suspect. The state parties to the Protocol comprise Angola, Burundi, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, the Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. 18. It should be noted that there are legal limitations to the exercise of universal jurisdiction in the legislative practice of AU Member States. These include:                                                              36  The AU Member States in question are Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Congo,  Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,  Guinea‐Bissau,  Kenya,  Lesotho,  Liberia,  Libya,  Madagascar,  Malawi,  Mali,  Mauritania,  Mauritius,  Morocco,  Mozambique,  Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda and Zambia.  37 See e.g. the Committee against Torture’s observations on the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s implementation of the Convention: UN Doc. CAT/C/DRC/CO/1, 1 April 2006, para. 5. 38 Penal Code, Decree-Law No 1/6 of 1981, article 3. 39 Penal Code, Book 1, Section 1, article 3. 40  Extradition Act 1964, article 28, read with Act No 97/010 of 10 January 1997.  41 Penal Code, Book 1, Section VI, article 21-3. Law No 2003-025 of 13 June 2003, article 208.7. 43 Implemention of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 2002, section 4(1). 44 Nairobi, 29 November 2006. 45 Nairobi, 14 and 15 December 2006. 42 Version 31 March 09(FINAL)