END NOTES
i
Rosalyn Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use it, (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1994), p.56
ii
F.A. Mann, ‘The Doctrine of Jurisdiction in International Law’, (1964) Recueil des Cours 1
iii
Dissenting Opinion of Judge ad hoc, Van den Wyngaert in Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), (2002) 41 I.L.M. 536, Paragraph 44; Claus Kreß, ‘Universal
Jurisdiction over International Crimes and the Institut de Droit international’, (2006) 4 Journal of International
Criminal Justice 561, at p.563
iv
Roger O’Keefe, ‘Universal Jurisdiction: Clarifying the Basic Concept’, (2004) 2 Journal of International Criminal
Justice 735, at p. 745
v
Higgins, op.cit, p.57
vi
Princeton Project on Universal Jurisdiction, available at http://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/unive_jur.pdf, last
accessed 30/05/08. It is acknowledged that these Principles are of limited authority, however they only provide a useful
guide to the matter.
vii
Henry A. Kissinger, ‘Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction’, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2001
viii
1958 Convention, 450 U.N.T.S. 82; 1982 Convention, (1982) 21 I.L.M. 1261
ix
C. Schulte, ‘The Enforcement of Obligations Erga Omnes before the International Court of Justice, Procedural Law
and the East Timor Judgment’ in Kalliopi Koufa (edited) Thesaurus Acroasium, Vol. XXVIII, Might and Right in
International Relations (Athens: Sakkoulas Publications, 1999) p.534.
x
In matter of Demjanyuk, 603 F. Supp. 1468 (ND Ohio) affirmed in 776 F. 2d 571 (6th Cir. 1985), cited in Higgins,
op.cit., p.59
xi
Bartram S. Brown, ‘The Evolving Concept of Universal Jurisdiction’, (2001) 35 New England Law Review 383, at
p.384
xii
Oscar Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice, (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991), p.209;
M. Cherif Bassiouni, ‘Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary
Practice’, (2001-2002) 42 Virginia Journal of International Law 81, at p. 88; Egon Schwelb, ‘The Actio Popularis and
International Law’, (1972) 2 Israeli Yearbook on Human Rights 46
xiii
(New Application: 1962), (2nd Phase), (1970) ICJ Reports 3, at Paragraph 33
xiv
Ibid., at Paragraph 34
xv
Higgins, op.cit., p.58; Kenneth C. Randall, ‘Universal Jurisdiction Under International Law’, (1988) 66 Texas Law
Review 785, at p.788
xvi
Eugene Kontorovich, ‘The Piracy Analogy: Modern Universal Jurisdiction’s Hollow Foundation’, (2004) 45
Harvard International Law Journal 183; Vaughan Lowe, ‘Jurisdiction’, in Malcolm D. Evans (ed.), International Law,
2nd edition, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p.335, at p.348
xvii
??
xviii
David Armstrong, Theo Farrell and Hélène Lambert, International Law and International Relations, (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2007)
xix
2001 Report by Amnesty International on ‘Universal jurisdiction: The duty of states to enact and implement
legislation’, available at www.amnesty.org, last accessed 30/05/08
xx
Randall, op.cit.
xxi
Ibid, p.798
xxii
Article 10 of the Slavery, Servitude, Forced Labour and Similar Institutions and Practices Convention of 1926
(Slavery Convention of 1926), 60 L.N.T.S. 253
xxiii
Op.cit., p.193
xxiv
Randall, op.cit, p.791; Max Sørensen (edited) Manual of Public International Law, (New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1968) 365; See also M. Cherif Bassiouni, ‘Theories of Jurisdiction and Their Application in Extradition Law and
Practice’, (1974-1975) 5 California Western International Law Journal 1, at p.54
xxv
Attorney General of Israel v. Eichmann, 36 ILR 277
xxvi
Higgins, op.cit.
xxvii
Per Lord Millet in R v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendary Magistrate and Others, Ex Parte Pinochet Ugarte
(No.3), [1999] 2 All E.R. 97, [2000] 1 A.C. 147; M. Cherif Bassiouni and Edward M. Wise, Aut Dedere, Aut Judicare:
The Duty to Extradite or Prosecute in International Law, (The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995)
xxviii
Article VI
xxix
Anthony Aust, Handbook of International Law, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p.264
xxx
Higgins, op.cit., at p.62
xxxi
Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 75
U.N.T.S. 31
xxxii
Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at
Sea, 75 U.N.T.S. 85
xxxiii
Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 75 U.N.T.S. 135